根本原因
造成这一现象的根本原因主要有两个,一是水湿润于这两种固体表面(即面条和海绵),换言之,这两种固体表面是亲水的;二是由于毛细作用 /Laplace 压。
湿润:接触角
在生活中我们经常能注意到这种现象:把水滴在不同物体的表面上,其呈现的状态不同。有的表面,比如金属、玻璃,当我们把水滴在上面的时候,水会形成高度铺展的水膜,而不会破缺成一个个单独的水滴。而有的表面,比如一些塑料、上过清漆的木材,水在上面就不会形成均匀的水膜,而是会在大面积铺展的时候自发破缺,形成一个个弧形或者半球形的液滴。还有的表面,比如生料带[1],水在上面根本不会铺展,而是会形成一个个近乎完美球形的液滴,就像汞温度计破碎之后地上的一个个水银珠一样。
对于上述三种表面,我们分别依据把它们定义为:亲水 –,疏水 –,和超疏水表面[(super-)hydrophilic/phobic surface]。类似的,(即便学术界没有这种说法),我们也可以按照同样的思路称绝大部分固体表面为“超疏汞表面”。但仅仅依照现象来判定某一个固体表面究竟属于哪一个范畴是不够严谨的,因此我们引入了一个新的概念:接触角(contact angle)。
接触角指的是对于一滴位于水平固体表面[2]的液滴,固 – 气界面与气 – 液界面在接触点(线)位置切线的夹角
(Figure 1)。
上图中椭圆形区域内部的阐释性插图也是也说明了,我们表观所见到的接触角,其实是三种不同的力相互竞争的结果,它们分别是固 – 液、固 – 气、气 – 液相物质间界面单位长度的收缩力,被定义为界面张力(interfacial tension),这三种张力如 Figure 1 所示,满足简单的矢量和关系
其中
表示界面张力的矢量形;下标
为固相(solid),
为液相(liquid),
为真空(vacuum);
为接触角。
很明显,固体与液体间的界面张力越小,则接触角值越大。
对于上面这个表达进行简单的数学规划,即得到用于描述接触角物理意义的Young 方程,其中各界面张力项取标量形,数值等于界面张力的矢量形的模,
然后我们定义接触角小于 90°的固体表面为亲水表面,大于 90°为疏水表面,大于 150°的为超疏水表面(Figure 2)。
毛细作用:Laplace 压
上面说的都是平面与液体的交互。对于亲水表面组成的空穴 / 通道,水会在通道内形成一个表面为下凹的液体柱,这是因为在这种情况下,能够保持液体与固体间与平面情况下一致的接触角(Figure 3)。这也是为什么我们高中化学要求在使用量筒读数时特别声明要以下液面为参照标准的原因,因为在狭小通道内部,液体表面不是平整的。
而在这一下凹液面内部邻近区域[即 Figure 3(b)中的位置 A],液体与液面上方气体的压强不同[3]。这也是所谓毛细作用(capillary)这一术语的本质,即非平整液面对于局域液相系统物理性质的影响。而这一由于表面曲率带来的内外气 – 液压强差被称为Laplace 压(Laplace pressure),可用Young-Laplace 公式描述
其中
为 Laplace 压;
为液体(此时是水)的表面张力 / 自由能;
和
是弯曲液面的主曲率半径(principal radii of curvature)。
根据曲率的定义,凹液面的曲率为负值,故该 Laplace 压小于零。也就是说,凹液面附近的液体压强小于气体压强。而由于位置 B 和位置 C 的压强必须保持相等,即绝对压强等于大气压,位置 A 的压强却小于大气压强。这就使得液柱被迫自发上升到一定高度,利用自身的液体重力,来抵消掉这一部分由于凹液面带来的负压。经过简单数学推演,上升的高度为
其中
为液面上升高度,
为液体密度,
为重力加速度,
为曲率半径(简化为球形曲面,
)。
关于海绵的讨论
对于海绵来说,问题比较简单,就是由于其自身所带有的疏松多孔结构(Figure 4),加上由于 Laplace 压导致的自发向内浸润。
但日常语言中提到的海绵其实也分成两大类,即天然海绵和人造海绵。
天然海绵一般日常生活里见不到,在水彩绘画中会用到天然海绵去营造一些被称为肌理(texture)的艺术效果。天然海绵其实是一种原始的多细胞生物的内骨骼,主要成分是角质、石灰质、矽石质,这种材料本身由于其极性,具有亲水性。
而人造海绵其实分为吸水海绵和不吸水海绵。吸水海绵使用聚乙烯醇制作,这种材料由于主链上带有亲水羟基,材料本身具有亲水性。而不吸水性海绵使用低密度聚醚制作,由于材料具有较强的疏水性,可以保证即使拥有这种疏松多孔的结构,也不会强烈与水发生相互作用。
非吸水性海绵的用途我懒得搜了,据我估计应该是用于缓冲、隔音、减震,以及隔热材料。
关于面条的讨论
面条的话,干面条当然表面也存在大量的疏松多孔结构,可以让水进入。面条的原料,面粉,其主要成分是淀粉和蛋白质。淀粉是一种以葡萄糖为单体,以α-1,4-[或α-1,6-(如果有支链)]糖苷键连接的多糖,在其主链上包含有大量的羟基(和羟甲基)(Figure 5)。
而这样均匀分散在整条分子链上的羟基由于其能够和水分子形成分子间氢键,可以赋予淀粉分子良好的亲水性。在被水溶解 / 分散[4]后其构象熵大大上升,可容许微观状态数增加,热力学系综更具熵倾向性。蛋白质本身又是一种双亲性分子,并不会对这一热力学趋势带来阻力。
以上。
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